基于MoinMoin+ConTeXt实现包含数学内容的Wiki网站
为什么选择 MoinMoin
去年，我想使用 Wiki 来组织实验室一个课题的各类文档，于是在服务器上安装了 MediaWiki。用了一段时间，感觉 MediaWiki 虽然是一个非常优秀的 Wiki 引擎，但对我来说，它有些复杂，也许是因为我对 MediaWiki 的实现基础——PHP 与 MySQL 一向心存畏惧，这让我觉的除非我熟悉 PHP 和 MySQL，否则很难驾驭 MediaWiki。
后来当我看到 MoinMoin 的时候，感觉这就是我需要的。MoinMoin 的优点在于：
- 采用 Python 语言开发，而我对 Python 一向颇存好感；
- 使用文件系统来管理页面，而非数据库，这样可能在页面存储与读取效率要低一些，但是让页面作为磁盘上一份又一份的文件，这让我这样不熟悉数据库操作的人有能力控制每一个页面的细节，同时也能够轻易地对页面进行备份、恢复；
- 容易创建多份 Wiki 实例，基于此可以很轻易地实现 Wiki Farm；
- 界面样式容易定制。
于是，我将实验室服务器上的 MediaWiki 卸掉，因为也没有积攒多少有价值的知识条目；然后毫不犹豫地装上了 MoinMoin，具体的安装过程可以参考我的一篇日志 《MoinMoin 安装简明指南》以及 MoinMoin 官方的安装说明文档。
MoinMoin 对 TeX 的支持
装上 MoinMoin 之后，随之而来的问题就是该如何支持数学公式，因为课题的文档中需要输入大量的数学公式。谈到在网页中浏览与编辑数学公式，这是让很多人都头疼的一个问题，要对这一问题有深刻的理解，请阅读 Michael Juntao Yuan 的《构建含有数学内容的动态网站》。总之，目前的现状是在 Blog 或 Wiki 的服务器端充分利用数学排版的事实标准——TeX 系统及其排版标记语言是解决数学内容的 Web 发布最为经济的解决方案。
在使用 MediaWiki 期间，曾经按照其安装说明文档添加了 TeX 数学公式语法解析功能，虽然不尽人意，但也勉强够用。查了一些资料，发现 MoinMoin 也支持 TeX 语法解析，需要安装 Johannes 写的 Latex Parser 插件。MoinMoin 的 LaTeX Parser 固然也很好用，但是它存在着 MediaWiki 的 TeX 语法解析功能同样的缺点：
- 不支持像 PDFTeX 这样更为现代的 TeX 引擎；
- 只支持 LaTeX 语法，而我更喜欢 ConTeXt，因为后者除了便于输入数学公式，也方便在 Wiki 页面上使用 MetaPost 绘制精确矢量图形；
上述的两个缺点可以很容易基于 Johannes 的 Latex Parser 插件来解决，而且这也是本文重点讲述的内容。
另外附带打个广告，现在我所使用的这个 Is-Programmer Blog 也是支持 TeX 语法解析的，可以试用一下。
对 Johannes 的 Latex Parser 插件进行 quick & dirty 的 hack
下面的脚本是我对 Johannes 的 LaTeX Parser 进行 hack 的结果。tex-parser.py 脚本可以调用 texexec 编译 Wiki 中出现的 ConTeXt 语法，生成临时的 PDF 文档，然后调用 ImageMagick 软件包中的 convert 工具将 PDF 文档转换为背景透明的 png 图片，最后将 png 图片嵌入到 MoinMoin 生成的 HTML 页面。tex-macro.py 脚本为 MoinMoin 提供了行内 ConTeXt 语法解析的宏。
将所下载的 tex-parser.py 文件复制到 Wiki 实例目录下的 data/plugin/parser 目录下，改名为 tex.py；将所下载的 tex-macro.py 文件复制到 Wiki 实例目录下的 data/plugin/macro 目录下，改名为 tex.py；将这两份 tex.py 文件的用户及用户组设为 apache，并将访问权限设为 660。这些步骤完毕后，重启 apache 即可启用 tex parser 与 tex macro 插件，不过前提是你的系统须满足以下条件：
- 操作系统是 Linux，虽然在 Windows 下也可以实现，但我觉得那是戴着枷锁跳舞；
- 已安装较新的 TeX 发行套件，譬如 TeX Live 2007，要求是该 TeX 发行套件必须包含 ConTeXt 环境；
- 已安装 ImageMagick 软件包，这是类 Unix 系统中非常强大的图像处理工具，但真正令很多人害怕的不是它的功能强大，而是因为它的用户交互界面是命令行；
- 已安装 ghostscript，因为要用它将 ConTeXt 生成的一些 eps 文档转换为 pdf 文档。
上述的 TeX Live、ImageMagick、ghostscript 软件包，都可以从对应 Linux 发行版的软件仓库中安装。
如何在 MoinMoin Wiki 中使用 ConTeXt 语法解析器
在安装了 TeX Parser 与 TeX Macro 插件的 MoinMoin Wiki 中，TeX 语法的形式可以分为：行内语法与行间语法。行内语法是利用 TeX Macro 调用 TeX Parser 将 ConTeXt 语法解析结果（即 png 图片）显示在当前行内，而行间语法是直接调用 TeX Parser 将 TeX 语法解析结果独立为一个段落显示。
行内语法：
TeX 行内语法的解析示例：<<tex(\sum_{p\rm\;prime}f(p) = \int_{t>1}f(t)\,d\pi(t))>>
MoinMoin 对其进行处理的结果如下图所示：
行间语法：
{{{#!tex
$$
\sum_{p\rm\;prime}f(p) = \int_{t>1}f(t)\,d\pi(t)
$$
}}}
行间语法的解析结果如下图所示：
由于 ConTeXt 通过 MetaFun 完美地将 MetaPost 融入到 ConTeXt 文档中，因此 MoinMoin 在支持 ConTeXt 语法解析的前提下，对 MetaPost 的支持也就是自然而然的了。ConTeXt 的 MetaFun 代码在 MoinMoin Wiki 的 TeX 语法标记中应当置于 \startMPcode ... \stopMPcode 标记中，格式如下：
{{{#!tex
\startMPcode
path p ; p := fullsquare scaled 2cm randomized .5cm ;
drawpath p ; drawpoints p ;
p := (p shifted (5cm,0)) squeezed .5cm ;
drawpath p ; drawpoints p ;
\stopMPcode
}}}
解析结果如下图：
在 MetaPost 图形中也可以使用中文，因为 ConTeXt 自 1999 年开始对中文的支持就非常友好。如下例：
{{{#!tex
\startMPcode
drawarrow origin--(0,100);
drawarrow origin--(100,0);
drawdot origin withpen pencircle scaled 2pt withcolor red;
label.bot(btex 原点 etex, origin) withcolor red;
label.lft(btex $y$ etex, (0,100));
label.lrt(btex $x$ etex, (100,0));
\stopMPcode
}}}
解析效果：
结论
MoinMoin 是功能强大的 Wiki 引擎，TeX 作为数学论文排版的事实标准，在数学内容的 Web 发布困难的现状下，在 MoinMoin Wiki 系统中融入 ConTeXt 语法解析是很有意义的事，因为无论是数学公式的输入，还是矢量图形的绘制，ConTeXt 都能取得精美的效果。本文对 MoinMoin 的 ConTeXt 语法解析器的实现是基于 Johannes 的 LaTeX Parser 插件实现的，插件代码没有进行合理、规范的组织，下一步打算将 ConTeXt 语法解析单独抽离出来，然后在 MoinMoin 的 ConTeXt Parser 插件中调用它，许多实现的细节将在本 Blog 的其他文章中讲述。
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